经济学人精读丨抗生素的危害
一个多世纪以前,人们发现了抗生素,并用于疾病治疗,自此,人们有了和死神抗争的一大武器。但随着时代的推进,人们不断发现了它的弊端:一方面,抗生素会养成抗药性极强的“超级细菌”,使人类再次暴露在普通感染的风险之中;另一方面,抗生素无法识别有益菌和有害菌,会导致人体菌群失衡,永久性的破坏免疫功能和神经系统。
近期,《经济学人》Espresso中就有篇短新闻讲到了抗生素的危害,我们一起来看一下:
①Antibiotics were life-savers when they became available. ②Today, they are becoming killers. ③The more any antibiotic is used, the greater the chances that bacteria will develop resistance that renders it ineffective. ④Some 700,000 people succumb to antibiotic-resistant infections every year. ⑤If trends continue, that will rise to 10m deaths a year by 2050. ⑥A paper published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences gathered figures from 76 countries, estimating that consumption of antibiotics increased by a hefty 65% from 2000 to 2015. ⑦As in other areas, while rich countries change their behaviour, poorer ones are adopting their habits. ⑧Although developed economies cut their use of antibiotics by 4% in the 16 years to 2015, consumption soared by 75% in the rest of the world. ⑨A UN body warns that “Antimicrobial resistance will take us back to a time when people feared common infections and risked their lives from minor surgery.”
精读
这段话共有九句话,围绕着“抗生素带来的危害”展开。我们先看前两句话:
①Antibiotics were life-savers when they became available. ②Today, they are becoming killers.
抗生素(antibiotics)问世时,是人们的救命稻草;而现在,却变成了杀手。
①②两句开宗明义,点明文章主旨:抗生素正变成杀手(抗生素的危害)。
available是一个很好用的小词,它在外刊中蛮常见的,朗文给出的解释是:something that is available is able to be used or can easily be bought or found. 可以理解成“可获得的”,《经济学人》每期都会有一个读者来信(Letters)版块,会刊登一些读者关于《经济学人》相关话题的不同看法,语言简单而不失地道,适合英语初级学者。在每期的读者来信最后,编辑会放上寄信和读信的渠道:
Letters are welcome and should be addressed to the Editor at The Economist, The Adelphi Building, 1-11John Adam Street, London WC2N 6HT
Email: letters@economist.com
More letters are available at: Economist.com/letters
前两段讲的是怎么寄信,最后一段的意思是:如果你想阅读更多来信,可登陆网站Economist.com/letters
available在这里是“可阅读的”意思。
再比如,你的朋友想看电影,你可以告诉他在淘票票app上就可以买票,这时可以说:
Tickets are available at Taopiaopiao.
如果票卖光了,就可以说:
Tickets are not available.
据说,在完形填空中如果选项中出现了available,那这个选项大概率是正确选项。
回到文中来,life-saver通过构词法判断,表示“拯救生命的人/物”,这里可以翻译成“救命稻草、救星”,和②句的killer是一对反义词。在实际使用中,life-saver常引申为“帮助解决问题/困难的人/物”(a way/method to solve a problem),可以替换help,比如,有时为了避免尴尬,我们会低头玩手机,这时就可以说:
When you're stuck in an awkward situation, a smartphone can be a life-saver.(=a help)
当你处境尴尬时,智能手机可以救急。
我们再看一下这两句话:
①Antibiotics were life-savers when they became available. ②Today, they are becoming killers.
第一句话中,were和became表明是过去的时间,第二句话中的Today是现在的时间,阅读中,时间转折,意思转折,因此我们可以由①句推②句:①句讲抗生素救人,那么②句就在讲抗生素害人了。
根据这一规律,我们可以由已知推未知,解决生词,提高阅读速度,比如下面这段话:
In the early 1990s the notion of meeting a partner online seemed freakish, and not a little pathetic. Today, in many places, it is normal.
这段话出自《经济学人》中有关网恋的一篇文章,第一句the 1990s表明是过去的时间点,第二句的today是现在的时间点,时间转折,句意转折,因此我们可以根据第二句的normal,推断出第一句的freakish表示abnormal的意思。
***
③The more any antibiotic is used, the greater the chances (that bacteria will develop resistance / that renders it ineffective).
抗生素用的越多,细菌越容易产生抗药性,从而使抗生素失效。
③句对①②两句进行解释,内容上,①+②=③.
这句话是"The more..., the more..."的句型,“越...,越...。”
这个句型非常灵活,有很多变体:
1. 如果后半部分主语过长,可以把谓语动词放到前面,用倒装。比如:
The younger the child is, the more is the child's need of sleep.
孩子越小,越需要睡觉。
2. 如果谓语动词是be动词,可以省略,可以不省略,可以省略任何一个。比如:
The stronger the magnet, the greater the number of lines of magnetic force.(托福)
磁力越强,磁力线的数量就越多。
3. 可以把第二个“越...”写成正常语序的形式,放在前面;第一个“越...”用"the more..."的结构,放在后面。比如:
The more I practice, the better I play.
我越练习,我打的越好。
→I play (the) better, the more I practice.
《新概念三》第55课《来自地球的问候》中也有一个例子:
The dust becomes thinner the further we travel towards the outer edges of our own solar system.
我们越是接近太阳系的边缘,尘埃就越稀薄。
我们在第七期课程中讲过一篇关于“共享单车”的文章,作者在讲共享单车的费用问题时,是这么说的:
The first 30 minutes are usually free for members, and charges rise the longerusers hang on to the bikes.
对用户来说,前30分钟是免费的。用户使用的时间越长,费用(charges)就越高。
文中the greater the chances (that bacteria will develop resistance)就是第二种情况:省略了be动词。加上之后:the greater the chances that bacteria will develop resistance are.
that bacteria will develop resistance是chance的同位语从句,其中,resistance是“抵抗力,抗药性”的意思,develop后面加疾病、问题,表示“患(病),出现(问题)”,这部分是说:细菌产生抗药性的可能性就越大。
resistance后面又嵌套了一个定语从句:that renders it ineffective.
it指的是antibiotic,抗生素;
我们常说的“使...成为...,使...变得...”,除了make,还可以用render,比如,叙利亚内战导致人们无家可归:
Hundreds of thousands of people were rendered homeless by Syrian civil war.(=were made homeless)
文中resistance that renders it ineffective的意思是:抗药性使抗生素失效。
***
④Some 700,000 people succumb to antibiotic-resistant infections every year. ⑤If trends continue, that will rise to 10m deaths a year by 2050.
每年有70万人死于耐抗生素感染,如果这种趋势继续下去,到2050年,这一数字将上升到1000万人/年。
④-⑧句从两个角度,通过列举数据来回应主旨。其中④-⑤句是第一个角度,讲了抗生素的致死人数;⑥-⑧句是第二个角度,讲的是滥用抗生素的情况,共同体现了该问题的严峻性。
④句讲了每年抗生素的致死人数,⑤句在此基础上对未来进行预判。
开头的some表示“大约”,可以替换about,此外,也可以说approximately.
succumb to的意思是to not be able to fight an attack, an illness, a temptation , etc. 抵挡不住(攻击、疾病、诱惑等),比如,succumb to pressure 迫于压力,succumb to smoking-related illnesses 迫于吸烟引起的疾病,succumb to the temptation 抵挡不住诱惑,等等。
"-resistant"表示“防...的,耐...的”,比如,water-resistant watch / phone,放水手表/手机,bullet-resistant glass 防弹玻璃,heat-resistant 耐热的,rust-resistant 防锈的,drug-resistant 耐药的,文中antibiotic-resistant infections的意思就是:耐抗生素的感染。
succumb to antibiotic-resistant infections可以翻译成:死于耐抗生素的感染。
***
⑥A paper (published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences) gathered figures from 76 countries, estimating that consumption of antibiotics increased by a hefty 65% from 2000 to 2015.
《美国国家科学院院刊》(Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences)中有篇论文收集了76个国家的数据,估计从2000年到2015年间,抗生素的使用大幅增长了65%。
⑥-⑧句从第二个角度(滥用抗生素)体现出问题的严峻性,其中,⑥句援引论文数据,讲了抗生素用量越来越多。
这句话的结构为:
A paper (published in...) gathered figures (from...), estimating that...
发表于...的论文收集了来自...的数据,估计...。
published in...是过去分词作paper(论文)的后置定语,意思是:发表在...的论文。
gather表示“收集”,可以用collect替换;
estimating that...是句子的状语,讲的是paper的主要内容:consumption of antibiotics / increased by a hefty 65% / from 2000 to 2015.
说道consumption,我想到《社交媒体》中的一个句子:
A growing body of research demonstrates that in young people psychiatric illnesses are linked with heavy consumption of social media.
越来越多的研究表明,青少年的精神疾病与大量使用社交媒体有关。
这两处的consumption意思相同,表示use“使用”。
如果我们要修饰一个数字,可以在数字前面加上"a+adj.",比如文中a hefty 65%,表示“高达65%”(hefty=big and heavy)。
再比如,18年香港高铁通车,CNN的报道中有这么一句话:
The rail link promises to cut the two-hour journey time between Hong Kong and the Chinese city of Guangzhou to a mere 47 minutes.
该铁路有望把香港和广州之间两小时的车程缩短到仅仅47分钟。
外刊中经常出现的还有"a staggering+number",表示 数字之多、令人惊讶、震惊。staggering=shocking / surprising.
***
⑦As in other areas, while rich countries change their behaviour, poorer ones are adopting their habits. ⑧Although developed economies cut their use of antibiotics by 4% in the 16 years to 2015, consumption soared by 75% in the rest of the world.
正如其他领域,当发达国家改变其行为时,发展中国家会步其后尘。在截止到2015年的16年的时间里,尽管发达国家抗生素用量下降了4%,但世界其他地方却大幅上涨了75%。
⑦⑧两句讲了发展中国家的抗生素用量大幅上涨。其中,⑦句是⑧句的铺垫。
⑦句中,adopting their habits的their指的是“发达国家的”:发达国家改变行为时,发展中国家也会采用发达国家的习惯,即“效仿发达国家”。
注意,这里的poorer是针对rich countries(发达国家,富裕国家)而言的,指“发展中国家”,而不是“贫困国家”。
⑧句中,cut...by 4%的意思是“把...减少4%”,捕捉到一个“减少”的表达。看到use,又想到了consumption,正好在后半句也出现了:consumption soared by 75%,英文用词就像小姑娘的脾气,千变万化。
soar是“猛增”的意思,我们再来汇总一下有关“增加”的词语:
increase
rise
climb
mount
jump
leap
rocket (up)
……
the rest of the world指的就是“发展中国家”,对应上文的poorer ones.
***
⑨A UN body warns that “Antimicrobial resistance will take us back to a time / when people feared common infections and risked their lives from minor surgery.”
联合国的一个机构警告说:抗药性把我们带回到一个人们担心普通感染、一个小手术就有可能致人死亡的时代。
②句总结全文,概括了抗生素的危害,呼应①②两句。
body可以指“机构”,《社交媒体》中讲过。
Antimicrobial resistance,我们先把单词拆分开:前缀"anti-"表示“相反、反对、抗拒”,microbial跟“微生物”有关(micro 微小的),所以,antimicrobial的意思是“抗菌的,抗微生物的”,Antimicrobial resistance则表示“耐药性”,也可以说antibiotic resistance.
文中,when people feared common infections and risked their lives from minor surgery修饰time(时代),它是and连接的两个句子:
people feared common infections 人们担心普通感染;
people risked their lives from minor surgery 人们做小手术就要冒着生命风险。
预告一下:我们第八期精读·写作班15号就要发推送啦,不想荒废寒假的你不要错过这次机会哟~
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